The participle: punuar, hapur, pirë
The participle is the third key form of a verb, after the "I" form and the aorist (the simple past): punoj — punova — punuar. It doesn't change for person and is used in the perfect (kam punuar — "I have worked"), as an adjective (dera e hapur — "the open door") and with duke and pa.
How it's formed
The ending depends on the dictionary form, but there are exceptions: luaj → luajtur, dal → dalë, marr → marrë.
| dictionary form | participle | examples |
|---|---|---|
| -oj | -uar | punoj → punuar, mësoj → mësuar |
| -uaj | -uar | shkruaj → shkruar, paguaj → paguar |
| -ej (except blej) | -yer | kthej → kthyer, pëlqej → pëlqyer |
| in a consonant | -ur | hap → hapur, mbyll → mbyllur |
| in -s (he-form in -t) | -tur | pyes → pyetur, mas → matur |
| one syllable in -j or a vowel | -rë | laj → larë, bëj → bërë, blej → blerë, pi → pirë |
| one syllable in -ë | -në | vë → vënë, lë → lënë |
Irregular
They're easiest to learn as a set of three with the aorist: jap — dhashë — dhënë, shoh — pashë — parë.
| verb | participle | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| jam | qenë | to be |
| kam | pasur | to have |
| ha | ngrënë | to eat |
| jap | dhënë | to give |
| them | thënë | to say |
| shoh | parë | to see |
| vij | ardhur | to come |
| dua | dashur | to want; to love |
| flas | folur | to speak |
| fle | fjetur | to sleep |
| di | ditur | to know |
| gjej | gjetur | to find |
| bie | rënë | to fall |
| rri | ndenjur | to sit, to stay |
| pres | pritur | to wait |
| shes | shitur | to sell |
As an adjective
With the linking article the participle becomes an adjective and agrees with the noun: dera e hapur — "the open door", Dyqani është i mbyllur — "The shop is closed", Jam i lodhur — "I'm tired", Jemi të lodhur — "We're tired".
With duke and pa
Duke + participle means "while doing": Mësoj shqip duke lexuar — "I learn Albanian by reading". Jam duke punuar — "I'm working right now" (= po punoj). Pa + participle means "without doing": Doli pa thënë asgjë — "He left without saying anything".